Case Study - Badenach v Calvert Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Analysing a Case Study - Badenach v Calvert. Answer: The case of Badenach Another v Calvert has elicited a lot of response from the legal profession due to its recent decision in the case of professional negligence with respect to legal practitioners and third parties. The legal facts of the case are that: Mr. Jeffrey Doddridge, testator herein, retained the services of Mr. Robert Badenach, Solicitor and Appellant herein, to prepare a will to dispose of all his estate.[1] The instructions given to the Appellant by the testator were that the beneficiary of his estate be the Respondent herein, Mr. Roger Wayne Calvert, the son of the deceaseds de-facto partner.[2] The testator did not avail any other information as to the existence of other family members[3] and the Appellant proceeded with the instructions of the testator and prepared the will leaving all the estate of the testator to the Respondent. A daughter of the testator from a previous marriage challenged the will and brought an action for family provision proceedings which she succeeded and was awarded provision as well as costs of the suit the result of which amounted to depletion of the estate which was not vast. Upon the successful litigation of the daughter, the Respondent herein sued Badenach and his firm for professional negligence. His argument in support of the claim was that the Badenach failed to properly advice the testator the effects of the will as drawn to other family members with respect to family provisions and the available means of averting such an eventuality. The Respondents specific argument was that Badenach failed to offer legal advice to the testator that converting the testators assets and those of the Respondent to make joint tenancy would ensure that the Respondents share in the testators estate was safeguarded as the assets would have devolved automatically to the Respondent. Prior to the preparation of the contested will, Badenachs firm had on previous occasion prepared two wills one of which had contained a testamentary gift to devolve to the daughter.[4] Therefore, Badenach had the means of ascertaining the existence of the daughter. On trial, the Court dismissed the claim by the Respondent holding that the solicitors duty of care extending to inquiring about family members who could bring an action for family provision but was not satisfied, on a balance of probabilities, that the testator would have taken measures to defeat the interests of the family and ensure the Respondents interests as the sole beneficiary, were protected.[5] Dissatisfied with this decision, the Respondent appealed to the Supreme Court of Tasmania which appeal succeeded. In finding for the Respondent, the Court held that the Appellants duty to the testator went beyond inquiring about the existence of family members and the possibility of instituting family provision proceedings but also included giving advice on the options available to prevent the success of such proceedings. It was decided that this duty to the testator was co-existent with the duty to the beneficiary.[6] The Appellants appealed to the High Court. The Court allowed this Appeal and guidance was sought in the case of Hill v Van Erp[7] which authority recognized instances under which a duty of care was owed by legal practitioners to intended beneficiaries.[8] The Solicitor caused a will to be witnessed by a spouse of a beneficiary in the said will.[9] This voided the will and made the claim for negligence successful. However, this was distinguished from the instant case in that the will as drafted conformed to the legal requirements. The legal issue before the High Court was whether the duty of care and professional skill by the Solicitor owed to the client testator by the Appellant by virtue of the client/testators retainer extended to the duty to inquire about the existence of any family members and their legal redress in the event that they are exempt from provision of the will as well as duty to advise the client testator of the necessary steps to take to safeguard the interests of the Respondent beneficiary by averting the possibility of raising claims for maintenance through family provision. Faced with this legal issue, another issue arose which was deliberated at length. The issue before court was whether the Solicitor owed a duty of care to the Respondent to carry out the instructions of the testator in a manner that ensured the Respondent was the sole beneficiary to the exclusion of the daughter. [10]This issue was the main issued for determination from the lower court upto to the High Court. The High Court held that a duty of care was not owed to the Respondent as such a duty would have arisen from the retainer which was testamentary. The argument advanced by the Respondent that the Appellant ought to have advised the testator to convert the properties into joint tenancy distinguishes the testamentary gift as in joint tenancy the property would have devolved to the Respondent by operation of law outside of succession.[11] In arriving at its decision, the Court was of the opinion that even if the Appellant owed a duty of care to the Respondent, causation could not have been proved.[12] It was noted by the High Court that it is not enough to allege the existence of a duty of care. The Respondent failed to make a direct link between the loss suffered, that is, not enjoying the estate in its entirety and the failure by the Appellant to advice the testator on the effects of existence of family. The but for principle is the threshold used to assess causation in acts based on tort and having failed in this principle, the Respondent failed to prove his claim on a balance of probabilities. In determining this case, their Honours were guided by the principle in Hill v Van Erp[13] where the Court established that there are circumstances in which Solicitor owes a duty of care to the intended beneficiary that a breach of such duty will amount to a successful claim for professional negligence. This duty is to be derived from the retainer. However, the authority failed to clarify the duty owed to intended beneficiaries by solicitors. This insufficiency has led to conflicting decisions being made by courts. The lower courts as was the case in the instant case, stretched the duty to exercise care and professional skill from inquiring about the existence of family members and the possibility of instituting family provision proceedings to even advising the testator on the steps to take to avert that eventuality.[14] The case of Badenach v Calvert may have cured some of the problems that previous judicial decisions have had to deal with or created. For instance, the confusion on whether a solicitor must advise on severing a joint tenancy as was the case in Smeaton v Pattison.[15] The scope of the duty is to be derived from the retainer thus, the Solicitor is required to act within the context of the retainer (whether oral, implied or express). Certain acts by solicitors will however be held to be negligent even after the delivery of the Judgment in the instant case. Such actions are solicitors conduct that is so reckless that it invalidates the will or a testamentary gift. A good example is the case of the spouse of a beneficiary attesting to the execution of a will. The second reason is the failure to take reasonable steps to find and inform the executor of the existence, contents of the will, and its location. A violation of this duty is a violation of the testators testamentary wishes to dispo se of his estate in the manner in which he intended. The other reason is failure by the solicitor to produce the will within the timeframe agreed upon pursuant to the retainer or in the absence of a retainer, to a reasonable time to be determined by the circumstances of each individual case.[16] This case has set the threshold for determining the extend of a solicitors duty of care and professional skill to a third-party beneficiary. This is because the High Court was of the view that the duty owed to a client cannot be overridden by the rights and duties owed to a client which are inconsistent with those of the testator client. That in the case of a testator and beneficiary the rights and duties under the will are deemed to be coincident otherwise, the duty owed to the third-party beneficiary extinguishes.[17] The facts of the instant case and eventually the judgement of the High Court relieve legal practitioners of any obligations to conjure up means of averting any possible claims for family provision while drafting a will for disposition of the clients estate.[18] Most of the solicitors as a matter of good practice give advice on the issue of other family members and their remedies should they be exempt from provision by the will. The Court was of the view that a solicitor should advise the client best means of dealing with his assets prior to his death to ensure that after death, the execution will proceed in the manner the testator anticipated.[19] This however does not extinguish the possibility of challenging a will no matter what measures a solicitor undertakes to deliver the clients wishes. Bibliography Cases Badenach v Calvert [2016] HCA 18 Hill v Van Erp [1997] HCA 9; 188 CLR 159; 71 ALJR 487; 142 ALR Smeaton Orsv Pattison[2003] QCA 341 Other Sources Badenach V Calvert: Explaining The Scope Of A SolicitorS Duty To An Intended Beneficiary In A Will | Browne Linkenbagh Legal Services (2017) Browne Linkenbagh Legal Services https://brownelinkenbaghlegalservices.com.au/badenach-v-calvert-explaining-the-scope-of-a-solicitors-duty-to-an-intended-beneficiary-in-a-will/ Badenach V Calvery [2016] HCA 18 - Barry.Nilsson. Lawyers (2017) Bnlaw.com.au https://www.bnlaw.com.au/page/insights/insurance_alerts/professional_indemnity_financial_lines/badenach_v_calvery_2016_HCA_18/ Beneficiaries Considerations When Drafting A Will - Rostron Carlyle (2017) Rostron Carlyle https://rostroncarlyle.com/publications/beneficiaries-considerations-when-drafting-a-will/ Clark, Martin, Badenach V Calvert | Opinions On High (2017) Blogs.unimelb.edu.au https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2016/05/11/badenach-case-page/ KWM | A SolicitorS Duty Of Care From Cradle To Grave: Badenach V Calvert [2016] HCA 18 (2017) Kwm.com https://www.kwm.com/en/au/knowledge/insights/solicitors-duty-of-care-from-cradle-grave-third-parties-20160520 Moschella, Adam, Solicitors Duty Of Care To Intended Beneficiaries - Macrossan Amiet Solicitors (2017) Macrossan Amiet Solicitors https://www.macamiet.com.au/2016/06/10/solicitors-duty-care-intended-beneficiaries-/ STEP Australia | Badenach V Calvert The High Court Provides Peace Of Mind For Estate Lawyers (2017) Stepaustralia.com https://stepaustralia.com/2016/10/22/the-high-court-provides-peace-of-mind-for-estate-lawyers/ The LawyerS Duty To The Will Maker - 2 Wentworth | Sydney Barristers (2017) 2 Wentworth | Sydney Barristers https://2wentworth.com.au/lawyers-duty-will-maker/ Ibid. Ibid. Supra n 1. Beneficiaries Considerations When Drafting A Will - Rostron Carlyle(2017) Rostron Carlyle https://rostroncarlyle.com/publications/beneficiaries-considerations-when-drafting-a-will/. Adam Moschella,Solicitors Duty Of Care To Intended Beneficiaries - Macrossan Amiet Solicitors(2017) Macrossan Amiet Solicitors https://www.macamiet.com.au/2016/06/10/solicitors-duty-care-intended-beneficiaries-/. (1997) 188 CLR 159 STEP Australia | Badenach V Calvert The High Court Provides Peace Of Mind For Estate Lawyers(2017) Stepaustralia.com https://stepaustralia.com/2016/10/22/the-high-court-provides-peace-of-mind-for-estate-lawyers/. The LawyerS Duty To The Will Maker - 2 Wentworth | Sydney Barristers(2017) 2 Wentworth | Sydney Barristers https://2wentworth.com.au/lawyers-duty-will-maker/. KWM | A SolicitorS Duty Of Care From Cradle To Grave: Badenach V Calvert [2016] HCA 18(2017) Kwm.com https://www.kwm.com/en/au/knowledge/insights/solicitors-duty-of-care-from-cradle-grave-third-parties-20160520. Badenach V Calvery [2016] HCA 18 - Barry.Nilsson. Lawyers(2017) Bnlaw.com.au https://www.bnlaw.com.au/page/insights/insurance_alerts/professional_indemnity_financial_lines/badenach_v_calvery_2016_HCA_18/. Martin Clark and View rarr;,Badenach V Calvert | Opinions On High(2017) Blogs.unimelb.edu.au https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2016/05/11/badenach-case-page/. [1997] HCA 9. Badenach V Calvert: Explaining The Scope Of A SolicitorS Duty To An Intended Beneficiary In A Will | Browne Linkenbagh Legal Services(2017) Browne Linkenbagh Legal Services https://brownelinkenbaghlegalservices.com.au/badenach-v-calvert-explaining-the-scope-of-a-solicitors-duty-to-an-intended-beneficiary-in-a-will/. [2003] QCA 341. Supra n 14. Martin Clark and View rarr;,Badenach V Calvert | Opinions On High(2017) Blogs.unimelb.edu.au https://blogs.unimelb.edu.au/opinionsonhigh/2016/05/11/badenach-case-page/. Ibid. Supra n 18.

Sample of Definition Essay

Sample of Definition EssaySample of Definition Essay is a fantastic resource for students of English Language, from kindergarten to graduate level. The short essays are written in a very logical manner and are very easy to understand. They are also very simple to complete and produce, which is another bonus.English is used in the sample of definition essay as a form of expression. This helps a student to think creatively about what he or she may write. In writing a definition, students can use the sample of definition essay as a tool to be creative. Teachers and tutors can use the sample of definition essay to guide students through the creation of essays which they can use when writing essays.Since the essays are so easy to understand, teachers can use the samples of definition essay to teach their students English at their own pace. Since there is no longer any pressure involved, the essay topics can be changed on a frequent basis. Since there is no rigidity associated with the ess ay, students can be allowed to find out and discover what they do not know.Since the definitions can be changed to meet the need of the students, the teacher can vary the topics and changes the definitions accordingly. The major benefit of using the samples of definition essay is that the course can be worked into any English class. They can be used with no time restrictions, meaning that the students can work in groups in either groups or small groups.The benefits of the samples of definition essay are endless. The curriculum can be adapted, the atmosphere can be adjusted and the focus can be adjusted to suit the needs of the class. The teaching methods are flexible and the group approach allows students to learn at their own pace.The college students will also love this format because it has a clear structure to it. Students can expect to follow the plans without being confused by randomness. Students will be able to move through the content in their own time, which is very import ant when learning to write essays.With a positive tone that is very conversational, the student is able to find out what he or she does not know about English. Students will also be able to analyze the information and make connections to other related subjects. While there are only three sections in the sample of definition essay, these sections are a great tool to use with any essay.The short essays are designed to help the student learn a new skill. There is no time restraints and the essay topics can be changed on a frequent basis. Because there is no rigid structure, the essays are adaptable to fit any type of writing and the English students of today will feel right at home with the sample of a definition essay.

Kanzi a bonobo ape Essay Example

Kanzi a bonobo ape Essay Worlds are the lone species that has evolved an advanced system of communicating between persons. Whereas other species communicate through ritualized and repetitive vocals, calls, or gestures, worlds have developed lingual systems that can show a literally infinite assortment of separate and distinguishable ideas both vocally every bit good as written. This unbelievable evolutionary spring is what distinguished worlds from all other beings on Earth. But it ca nt, nevertheless, go unmentioned the unbelievable communicating systems animate beings, more specifically Primatess have created. Animals are among us in many forms and sizes, with many different communicative abilities. Whether it is calls, oinks, gestures or copulating calls, these communicating tools are merely understood by members of the same species ; we can analyse these communicating tools through lingual ethology, as mentioned in talks by utilizing a comparative attack is good because it sets a criterion by which commu nicating systems can be evaluated. Throughout this class of survey, the construct of linguistic communication as the separation between animate beings and worlds has prevailed. We as worlds can both bring forth and grok communicating through linguistic communication, where the inquiry arises on how well animate beings can make this. Further, as we have seen in readings and other beginnings, many claim that it is done linguistic communication that our consciousness and cognitive accomplishments are developed. While most consider animate beings to be animals of wont, I plan to take a different mentality on this ; that is to see how pygmy chimpanzee, more specifically Kanzi, a pygmy chimpanzee ape acquired lingual competence.Kanzi was a pygmy chimpanzee who did this after attach toing hisfemale parentto Sessionss where she was taught linguistic communication through keyboardlexigrams, but showed small involvement in the lessons. It was a great surprise to research workers so when o ne twenty-four hours, while Matata was off, Kanzi began aptly utilizing the lexigrams, going non merely the first ascertained ape to hold learned facets of linguistic communication naturalistically instead than through direct preparation, but besides the first observed pygmy chimpanzee to look to utilize some elements of linguistic communication at all.With all that set in head, I plan to farther look into the claims about Kanzi s lingual abilities from a research position and distinguish between Kanzi s Language production and comprehension public presentation. By looking at factors such as environment, behavior and attitude, I hope to convey together all of my research, ideas and critical reappraisals on great ape linguistic communication. We will write a custom essay sample on Kanzi a bonobo ape specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kanzi a bonobo ape specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kanzi a bonobo ape specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Language is a manner for worlds to pass on and bring forth ideas, emotions and reactions to merely about everything in day-to-day modus operandis. However, while linguistic communication is an plus which enables people to gestate their universe, it is by no means a necessity. This is demonstrated by the ability of physically handicapped individuals ( e.g. , the deaf ) and mentally disabled individuals ( e.g. , victims of intellectual paralysis ) to pass on utilizing symbols. Symbols are a alone tool, a manner for non merely handicapped individuals to use but besides other species, such as Primatess. Lexigrams which are â€Å"arbitrary symbols that represent a word are used with Researchers and pygmy chimpanzees to pass on with three computer-monitored lexigrams panels incorporating 384 symbols and words. Similar keyboards have helped kids and grownups with linguistic communication deficits† ( SOURCE ) .Though the symbols are non ocular representations of the existent word bein g used, it is still a manner of exemplifying comprehension between worlds and pygmy chimpanzees that are able to get lingual competence. Kanzi developed this acquisition really early in his old ages merely by exposure to the lexigrams system. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Kanzi s trainer beganby distinguishing linguistic communication production from comprehension, underscoring that the important precursor of linguistic communication competency is the apprehension of non spoken referential symbols. She focused on the significance that the apes derived from words instead than how they produced them. Savage-Rumbaugh saw comprehension as the path into linguistic communication ( Johnson, 1995 ) since it is simpler to interpret an thought in one s head into a grammatical sequence of words than to decrypt a sentence spoken by another, whose purposes are unknown.With respects to Kanzi, this lead to a displacement off from intensive preparation Sessionss to an attack in which Kanzi was treated as a underdeveloped human baby ( Johnson, 1995 ) . The findings of this undertaking, in which Kanzi learnt to appreciate word order and other syntactical cues, led Savage-Rumbaugh to reason that pygmy chimpanzee possess fundamental syntactical ability. ( Johnson, 1995 ) This evident success of research with Kanzi was attributed to her exposure to linguistic communication early in her life and tutoring instigated by the animate being s wonder ( Johnson, 1995 ) . Critics responded that animate beings tie ining vocal sounds with objects was far from radical ( Johnson, 1995 ) . However Savage-Rumbaugh argued that tests with words in fresh contexts ( Johnson, 1995 ) revealed that the Pan troglodytess responses were non automatic. Savage-Rumbaugh reported that her Pan troglodytess demonstrate the fundamental comprehension accomplishments of two and a half twelvemonth old kids, understanding complex sentences and spontaneously utilizing symbolic linguistic communication in their communicating. However for many linguists, the trademark of linguistic communication is non comprehension but public presentation, the ability to bring forth progressively complex sentences within the confines of grammar ( Johnson, 1995 ) . The position that mental experiences are non comparably shared between worlds and nonhuman Primatess is prevailing among linguists ( Mitani, 1995 ) and has been enforced by Noam Chomsky s statements that witting idea is merely made possible by the innate mechanism to decrypt the syntactical construction of linguistic communication ( Mitani, 1995 ) . He adheres to the position that the grammar, present in all linguistic communications, has its beginnings in the nervous connexions, alone to human encephalons. Chimp raised from birth in an environment where spoken words and the linguistic communication board ( arbitrary symbols to which one can indicate to convey an object or action ) were spontaneously used to pass on with him

Free Essays on Zimbabwe

Population:11,365,366 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.) Age structure:0-14 years: 38.68% (male 2,223,332; female 2,172,479) 15-64 years: 57.69% (male 3,319,982; female 3,236,286) 65 years and over: 3.63% (male 208,785; female 204,502) (2001 est.) Population growth rate:0.15% (2001 est.) Birth rate:24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) Death rate:23.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.) Infant mortality rate:62.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth:total population: 37.13 years male: 38.51 years female: 35.7 years (2001 est.) Total fertility rate:3.28 children born/woman (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:25.06% (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:1.5 million (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths:160,000 (1999 est.) Nationality:noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean Ethnic groups:African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1% Religions:syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% Languages:English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and ... Free Essays on Zimbabwe Free Essays on Zimbabwe Population:11,365,366 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.) Age structure:0-14 years: 38.68% (male 2,223,332; female 2,172,479) 15-64 years: 57.69% (male 3,319,982; female 3,236,286) 65 years and over: 3.63% (male 208,785; female 204,502) (2001 est.) Population growth rate:0.15% (2001 est.) Birth rate:24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) Death rate:23.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) Net migration rate:0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment Sex ratio:at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.) Infant mortality rate:62.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) Life expectancy at birth:total population: 37.13 years male: 38.51 years female: 35.7 years (2001 est.) Total fertility rate:3.28 children born/woman (2001 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:25.06% (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:1.5 million (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths:160,000 (1999 est.) Nationality:noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean Ethnic groups:African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and Asian 1%, white less than 1% Religions:syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1% Languages:English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects Literacy:definition: age 15 and over can read and ...

Business Disaster Recovery Issues and Concepts Research Paper

Business Disaster Recovery Issues and Concepts - Research Paper Example There is the wide range of activities and procedures that come under the head of business disaster recovery like regaining access to communication, data of the business that may be in form of records, hardware, and software; and different other business processes that are lost during the disaster period passed by the business. Business disaster recovery is a plan that is part of a wide and larger process known as â€Å"Business Continuing Process (BCP) Business disaster recovery is a very important process for the businesses and it is very necessary that the organizations must have adequate plans and arrangements for the management for the disaster recovery process. In order to effectively and efficiently manage the business disaster recovery process, there is an essential need for Disaster Recovery Plan (DRP). This plan increases the possibility for the business that they can successfully recover their valuable records and other business operations (Hoffer, Jim, p45, 2001). ... the result of unexpected leaving of key personnel or incidental break up of the communication process with the clients, customers, dealers and other related people (Hoffer, Jim, p45, 2001). Importance of Business Disaster Recovery Management The Disaster Recovery Journal defines the term business disaster recovery as â€Å"the ability of an organization to respond to a disaster or an interruption in services by implementing a disaster recovery plan to stabilize and restore the organization’s critical functions†. Business disaster recovery is a term that is collectively used for all the strategies and activities that are performed by an organization after a disaster in order to regain its routine business patterns and functioning. He further explains that business disaster recovery must be managed through a plan so that there could be great opportunities for the business to restore its assets on yearly basis. Business disaster recovery is a business function that comes und er the umbrella of a wide process â€Å"business continuity planning†. Disaster recovery is linked with the business continuity because disaster recovery also includes the plans and strategies that are done with the intention to keep the business going with its regular ways Issues in Business Disaster Recovery The disasters occur at any unexpected time so an organization must make some arrangements that can prevent the company from facing the disaster situation. These preparations include the arrangements for the system recovery and data storage. Moreover, the safety measures must also be followed in the companies like fire preventions so that in case of fire they can have immediate contact with the fire extinguishers through more alarms and other means.  Ã‚  

Alfred Hitchcock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alfred Hitchcock - Essay Example Biography, Cultural Background Alfred Hitchcock, an engineer in his early life, was born in London England on the 13th of August, 1899. Graduating out of St. Ignatius College at the University of London, he would become involved with the film industry by 1920 after that early engineering stint, eventually creating a body of work that would earn for him a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Film Institute in 1979 among many other accolades, as well as the Academy Award for Best Picture for his very first foray into making a film in America. That first Academy Award bid would cone for the film â€Å"Rebecca†. His early path would also leave him out of London and into Hollywood by 1939, where he would eventually be the creator of more than fifty movies, chief among them a number of icons and classics in film: â€Å"Psycho†, â€Å"Rear Window†, and â€Å"39 Steps†. He passed away in 1980, in California (A+E Television Networks; Rampton). Some of his o ther notable works that have stood the test of time include 'The Man Who Knew Too Much', 'The Lady Vanishes', 'Spellbound' and 'Notorious' (The Criterion Collection); 'The Lodger', 'Sabotage', 'The Wrong Man', 'Vertigo', 'North by Northwest', and 'Strangers on a Train'. In the genre of thriller movies, he is the unsurpassed master, having been credited with essentially giving birth to the genre, even as his other achievements included technical breakthroughs in the making of films, such as the use of the MacGuffin device. He made use of various artistic devices too, pioneering in the use and interplay of elements that include humor, suspense and sexuality to make his memorable and groundbreaking films (Turner Entertainment Networks). Meanwhile, as can be gleaned from his biography and early education, his cultural influences have elements that include his early strict Christian upbringing and education, spiced with his experience as an English film maker, technician and craftsman in America (Schwartz; A+E Television Networks; Rampton; Brooks). On the other hand, it is worthwhile to note that while he is well-known in America and made many of the movies that have earned him his reputation on that side of the Atlantic, his influences also extend to his British cinema period, that time in the 1920's when he made British art films that were said to hew towards the sensibilities and aesthetic of the European cinema as art movement. Two of his works during this period, 'The Lodger' made in 1926 and 'Blackmail' made in 1929 bear these influences (Ryall 7; Derry 3-9; Sterritt 2-5; Sloan 15-18). II. Historical Period, Culture Represented by Hitchcock and His Work Properly speaking one speaks of not one cultural period but four periods as far as the reach and breadth of the work of Alfred Hitchcock is concerned. Historically he is situated in that period from the start of the 20th century to 1980. On the other hand, in terms of the sweep of his work and the compass that that sweep covers culturally, there are properly four periods in his work. One is the silent period, which immediately precedes or overlaps with what has been discussed above as his British period, in the 1920's. Seminal films during this time associated with the silent period include 'The Lodger'. The second phase would be characterized by a string of so-called espionage films, made in the 1930's, and includes such works as '39 Steps' in 1935, 'Sabotage' in 1936, and 'The Secret Agent' also in 1936. Films like 'Rebecca', 'Foreign Correspondent', 'Shadow of a Doubt

Healthcare Internship Reflection | Cancer Center

Healthcare Internship Reflection | Cancer Center Crystal Mullen Last month I received the privilege of being hired to work as a secretary for The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas. As the name implies their sole focus and overall market involves finding cures and treatments for cancer. In fact they operate on a very aggressive mission to completely eliminate cancer by integrating patient care, prevention, and research programs. Furthermore, MD Anderson provides education about cancer research, prevention, and treatment information that ranges from their graduate and undergraduate programs at the University of Texas to MD Anderson employees and even to the general public (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2014). Finally though not exhaustively, MD Anderson seeks to become and remain a world renowned cancer center through science, excellent people, and research-driven patient care. The motto for MD Anderson is â€Å"We are Making Cancer History (University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 2014)†. One of the biggest surprises I learned when I began working for MD Anderson is that although their sole focus is eliminating cancer, that singular mission is has multiple areas of focus. This is because they have incomparable resources and a wealth of capabilities, MD Anderson is exceptionally qualified to increase the pace of transforming scientific discoveries regarding cancer into innovative clinical treatments and advances that lower the number of deaths due to cancer deaths. Their discoveries have lead MD Anderson to divide their work into six forms of cancer – otherwise known to them as â€Å"moon shots†. Along with those moon shots, MD Anderson focuses a great deal of science, research and patient care on Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. The cancers listed in the moon shot program include breast and ovarian, Leukemia (ALM / MDS), Leukemia (CLL), Lung, Melanoma, and prostate. These six moon shots, along with Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, will ultimately lead to cures for all types of cancer (Moon Shots Program, 2014). BREAST AND OVARIAN MD Anderson’s moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer concentrates on triple-negative breast cancer and on high-grade serous ovarian cancer. These concentrations have resulted in exciting, innovative projects that often results in the quick detection and treatment of these deadly cancers. One aspect of the moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer involves universal genetic testing. Patients diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer and high-grade serous ovarian cancer are provided genetic counseling and testing. Furthermore, MD Anderson reaches out to at risk family members to immediately identify individuals for preventive screening. Another aspect of the moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer involves pinpointing genetic markers/mutations to discover how these cancers respond and then adapt to cancer treatments. This data will helps physicians develop individualized treatment plans for each of their patients. Finally though not exhaustively, a thir d aspect of the moon shot program for breast and ovarian cancer involves early detection. The cancer investigators for MD Anderson focus on biomarkers that appear promising to identify and study these cancers in their earliest stages to provide better treatment conclusions (Moon Shots Breast and Ovarian, 2014). LEUKEMIA (AML/MDS) One of MD Anderson’s moon shot program for leukemia involves acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) leukemia. These two diseases are being combatted by tacking drug resistance, applying supercomputing, artificial intelligence, and AML targeted therapy such as blood stem cell transplants. First of all, AML/MDS Moon Shot strives to understand a class of drugs that form the molecular basis of drug resistance to find alternative therapies that circumvents this challenge. Furthermore, AML/MDS Moon Shot is developing a new, innovative system that takes advanced supercomputing technology and integrates this technology with individualized research data into a secure database. Advanced analytics, combined with the technology of IBM’s Watson, otherwise known as the world’s smartest computer, enables clinicians to collect new insights for patient care and research. Finally, though not exhaustively, the moon shot engages in another research option f or AML / MDS involves blood stem cell transplantation and cellular therapy. This form of research has an excellent record of both improving the safety and impact of this form of treatment (Moon Shots Leukemia (AML/MDS), 2014). LEUKEMIA (CLL) Another one of MD Anderson’s moon shot program for leukemia involves chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), MD Anderson has made great progress in this against this form of cancer. Scientists and physicians has driven one this most common form of adult leukemia close to the brink of extinction. This has been accomplished by developing cutting edge drug therapies and taking immunotherapy to eliminate residual CLL. First of all, the CLL Moon Shot team is actively studying a breakthrough class of drugs that thwarts the critical signaling in the malignant cells. These experimental drugs have proven to be excellent at preventing CLL cells from signaling their dramatic effect on the leukemic cells while creating minimal impact on other healthy cells. Furthermore, there is an additional CLL moon shot is famous for developing immunotherapy techniques to locate and destroy the remaining CLL (Moon Shots: Leukemia (CLL), 2014). LUNG Lung cancer is the most pervasive impact on our population out of other cancers. Because of its massive spread throughout the U.S. population, MD Anderson lists lung cancer as one of their Moon Shots Program. This particular battle is fought on three fronts: prevention, early detection, and treatment of advanced disease. First of all, because 80% of all lung cancers are tobacco based, the Lung Cancer Moon Shot program has launched initiatives to help in the prevention of tobacco based lung such as personalized tobacco cessation programs, social media, and referrals to successful tobacco treatment programs. Furthermore, through early detection of lung cancer diagnosing, the rate for a cure greatly increases. MD Anderson has played a significant role in the National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST) that deaths by lung cancer are often lowered by as much as 20% when smokers were screened early with the use of a low-dose CT scan. Finally, MD Anderson has found treatment options for pat ients with advanced stage lung cancer haven’t changed much in the last 20 years so they intend on redirecting this trend with a new program called the GEMINI Project. This uses the latest cutting edge technologies to conduct a lung cancer profile from a molecular perspective. This will bypass carpet-bombing the cancer with non-specific chemotherapies in favor of using specifically targeted therapies, which is more like â€Å"smart bombing the lung tumors without any damaging side effects (Moon Shots: Lung, 2014). MELANOMA Because instances of melanoma and skin cancer deaths have risen over the past 50 years, MD Anderson’s moon shot scientists and physicians have attacked this form of cancer through prevention and through personalized integrated management of the cancer. The MD Anderson melanoma team pursues an aggressive prevention campaign to reduce the exposure to UV light in both children and adolescents with an innovative, all-inclusive program that includes both behavioral interventions and educational outreach to discourage excessive sun exposure through tanning and replace that activity with alternative sun protection practices. Furthermore, the moon shot team uses individualized and cohesive and management of melanoma. If patients are diagnosed early surgery is usually the next step. Although many forms of melanoma are resistant to treatments scientific breakthroughs in researching this diseases have led to this disease the development new immunotherapy agents that accurately and effect ively combats even the more advanced stages of melanoma (Moon Shots: Melanoma, 2014). PROSTATE The last form of cancer listed in the Moon Shot program is prostate cancer. The National Cancer Institute, has estimated there will be 238,590 new cases diagnosed this year, resulting in approximately 30,000. I order to lower the mortality rate of this form of cancer, the Prostate Cancer Moon Shot program has concentrated on three areas: lowering instances of overtreatment; combining therapies used in advanced and early stages of the disease; and creating targeted therapies, such as immunotherapy as an alternative to traditional treatment methods. The goal is to use these treatment and therapy options in order to effectively and timely shift the process from simply treating to actually curing prostate cancer (Moon Shots: Prostate, 2014). NON-HODGKINS LYMPHOMA Although not part of the â€Å"Moon Shots† program, MD Anderson is aggressively fighting against, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma. At MD Anderson their goal is to treat this form of cancer with new treatments that are tailored to each patient and using targeted, biological agents that empower a human body to combat the cancer. Our teams of specialized physicians, as well as support staff including nurses, physician assistants, dietitians, social workers and many others, work closely together – and with you – to give you higher chance for successful treatment (Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma). Conclusion: Based on what I’ve read, and what I’ve observed working at this health system, I believe MD Anderson, is successful in treating the multiple forms of cancer. In fact, if there was a brand new form of cancer to emerge, I would think this cancer center would have the equipment, the technology and the clinical personnel to combat this newest manifestation of cancer. My only recommendation is that they maintain the current list if cancers found in their â€Å"moon shots† while also addressing other cancerous diseases. If this is done they will only continue to grow in their success. References Center, U. o. (2014). Moon Shots Breast and Ovarian. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/breast-ovarian/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). About Us. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.mdanderson.org/about-us/index.html University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots Leukemia (AML/MDS). Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/leukemia-aml-mds/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots Program. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Andderson.org: http://www.mdanderson.org/about-us/facts-and-history/moon-shots-program/index.html University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Leukemia (CLL). Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/leukemia-cll/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Lung. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson Cancer Center: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/lung/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Melanoma. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson Cancer Center: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/melanoma/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (2014). Moon Shots: Prostate. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.cancermoonshots.org/moon-shots/prostate/ University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. (n.d.). Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma. Retrieved June 22, 2014, from MD Anderson.org: http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-types/non-hodgkins-lymphoma/index.html